engineering chemistry all important 16 mark.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
CY21 51- ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY-I
QUESTION BANK
PART-B
UNIT-I
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1. Write in brief on classification of polymers
2. Write in detail on epoxy resin
3. Explain bulk polymerization technique
4. Discus cationic polymerisation mechanism
5. Compare thermoplastics with thermosetting plastics
6. Discuss free radical polymerization mechanism
7. Write any three properties of nylon 6,6
8. Write in detail on epoxy resin
UNIT-2
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
1. Drive an expression for the entropy change of an ideal gas.
2. Explain clausius inequality.
3. Drive any two Maxwell relations.
4. Compare reversible process with irreversible process.
5. Drive an expression for the entropy change for on irreversible process.
6. Write the expression of work function.
7. Drive vont Hoff isotherm.
8. Discuss the criteria of spontaneity.
UNIT-3
PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND SPECTROSCOPY
1. State and explain Stark-Einstein Law.
2. Compare fluorescence with Phosphorescence.
3. Explain the Block Diagram of IR spectrometer.
4. Write down the various Electronic Transitions.
5. Explain Chemiluminescence with example.
6. Derive Beers law.
7. How will you determine the quantum efficiency?
8. Explain Photosensitisation.
9. Calculate the IR active bands for H2O, C2H4, HCl.
UNIT-4
PHASE RULE & ALLOYS
1. State phase rule and explain the terms.
2. Discuss any three heat treatment of steel.
3. What is Nichrome mention its uses.
4. Discuss Pb-Ag system.
5. Discuss Water system in detail.
6. Describe Zn-Mg System.
7. Write in brief on Stainless steel.
8. Write in brief on bronze.
UNIT-5
NANOCHEMISTRY
1. Explain size dependent properties.
2. Describe hydrothermal method of nanomaterial Synthesis.
3. Explain precipitation chemical vapor deposition methods of nanomaterial synthesis.
4. Write an explanatory note on nanocluster, nanorod & nonotube.
5. Write the salient properties of nanomaterials.
6. Explain Laser- Ablation Method.
7. Write any four applications of nanomaterials.

engineering chemistry important 2 mark with answer.

CY21 51- ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY-I
QUESTION BANK
PART-A
UNIT-I
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1. What is degree of polymerization?
No. of repeating units in a polymeric network.
2. Mention functionality of a monomer with suitable example.
No. of bonding or reactive site in a monomer.
3. What are co- polymers? Give example.
Formed by joining of two different monomer.
4. What are engineering plastics?
High molecular weight polymer resin posses mechanical strength toughness
durability.
5. What is a dead polymer?
The product of additional polymerization is known as dead polymer.s
6. Define Tacticity.
The orientation of monomeric units in a polymer is called tacticity.
7. Write any two thermal initiators used in thermal polymerization.
Acetyl peroxide & Benzoyl peroxide.
8. Mention the monomers which are polymerized in anionic polymerisation.
Acrylonitrite, methylacrylate, methylmethacrylate.
9. What are homochain and heterochain polymer?
Homochain: Addition polymer, Chain is made up of same type of atom
Heterochain: condensation polymer, Chain is made up of different types of atom
10.Why thermosetting plastics cannot be remolded?
Because the chains are joined by strong covalent force
UNIT-II
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
1. What is a system?
It is the part if the physical universe to which we direct out attention for the
purpose of experimental or theoretical investigation.
2. What is an extensive property?
An extensive property of a system depends upon the total amount of substance in
the system.
3. What is a process? Mention its type.
The operation which brings about the changes in the state of the system is called a
process. Types: i) Isothermal Process ii) Adiabatic process iii) cyclic process.
4. Define II law of thermodynamics?
Heat cannot of itself pass from colder to hotter body without the intervention of
any external agency.
5. What is Gibbs free energy?
The isothermally available energy present in a system is called free energy.
6. Mention any two applications of clausius.
 Molar Latent heat of vaporization can be calculated.
 To study the effect of pressure on boiling point.
7. Define work function?
The part of the internal energy which is isothermally available is called the work
function of the system.
8. Define entropy.
It is the measure of degree of disorder or randomness in a molecular system.
9. What is an adiabatic process?
A process is said to be adiabatic if no heat enters or leaves the system during any
step of the process.
10.Write the significance of vant’ hoff equation.
 To calculate ?H of a reaction by measuring the values of equilibrium
constant at two different temperatures.
 To calculate the value of equilibrium constant at a particular temperatures.
UNIT –III
PHOTOCHEMISTRY & SPECTROSCOPY
1. State Grothus –Draper Law.
Only the light that is absorbed by the substance can bring about a chemical change
in the substance.
2. State Starck- Einstein Law.
Each molecule taking part in a photochemical reaction absorbs one quantum of
radiation.
3. Write any two reasons for high quantum yield.
 Formation of intermediate product will act as a catalyst.
 Absobtion of raditions in the primary step produces atoms or free radicals
which initiate a series of chain reaction.
4. What is a photosensitiser?
The foreign substance which absorbs light radiation and transfers the absorbed
energy to the reactant is called photo sensitizer.
5. What is quenching?
When the foreign substance in the excited state colloids with another substance it
gets converted into some other product is called quenching.
6. What are chromophores? Give example.
The group (multiple bonds) which are the reason for colour of a compound.
-N=N-(azo).
7. Define the term bathochromic shift.
The shift of an absorbtion maximum towards longer wavelength is called
bathochromic or red shift.
8. What if finger print region?
The IR region 1400-700cm-1 gives very rich and intense absorption bands is called
finger print region.
9. Methane does not absorb IR energy. Why?
Because four hydrogen atoms of methane vibrate symmetrically.
10.What are the functions of auxochromes?
It deepens the color of the chromophore.
They are required to make the chromogen -a dye.
UNIT-IV
PHASE RULE & ALLOYS
1. State phase rule.
It explains the heterogeneous equilibrium. F=C-P+2.
2. Define phase.
Any homogeneous, physically distinct mechanically part of a system bound by a
boundary surface.
3. What is triple point?
Point where all three phases are at equilibrium.
4. Define degree of freedom.
Minimum numbers of variable (P, T, and C) which need to be define the state of
a system.
5. A system consists of benzene and water. What is the number of phases?
Two
6. Discuss the significance of eutectics mixture.
 We can predict the formation of solder.
 They are used in safety devices.
7. Mention some important properties of alloys.
Durability, Resists corrosion, Low electrical conductivity.
8. What are Stainless steels?
It is an alloy of Iron with Carbon which resists corrosion by atmosphere and
also by chemicals.
9. What is the main purpose of alloying steel?
 To resist corrosion and to improve the life time.
10. What are the basic differences between Steel and bronze?
Bronze has lower melting point than steel and also better heat than steel.
UNIT-V
NANOCHEMISTRY
1. Define Nanotechnology.
It is defined as the design, production, characterization and applications of

systems, structures and devices of nanometer size.
2. How are nanomaterial classified?
Nanomaterials with one dimension, Nanomaterials with two dimension,
nanomaterials with three dimension.
3. What are nanoparticles?
These are particles having three dimensional nanoscale. Eg. CaO, CdS.
4. What is a top down process?
Bulk materials are broken into nanosized particles in this method
5. What is a bottom up process?
Nanosized materials are produced by building up of atom by atom in this process.
6. What are nanotubes?
Nanotube has a nanometer scale tube like structure.
7. What are nanorods?
Nanomaterials having long sticks or rod shapes with diameter in nanoscale and a
length very much longer are called nanorods.
8. Mention any three uses of nanorods.
 In display technologies.
 In Energy harvesting.
 In LED
9. Mention any four methods used to synthesis nanomaterial.
 Precipitation
 Hydrothermal
 Solvothermal
 Thermolysis
10. Mention the various fields in which nanomaterials are used?
 Electrical and Electronic Devices.
 Memory Devices.
 Fuel Cells.
 Energy production.

computer programming important question for unit one

ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
GE6151 Computer Programming - For unit 1
GE2112 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2012
2 marks
1. What are mainframe computers? Give the name of any one mainframe computer.
2. Find the octal equivalent of the number 10111001100.1101011(2)
3. Enlist the advantages of Algorithm.
16 marks
1. Explain the evolution of computers.
2. Explain the Basic computer organizations with suitable diagram
3. With examples illustrate the conversion of Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers.
4. Write an algorithm to compute the factorial of a number n.
5. Draw a flowchart to find the highest marks in a set of n marks.
6. Write the pseudo code to add two matrices
185102 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2011(Chennai)
2 MARKS
1. List out the characteristics of computer
2. What are the classification of computer
3. What are the characteristics of Algorithm
16 MARKS
1. Explain the organization of Computer and describe input unit, CPU, output unit.
2. Describe the types of memories used in computer
3. Explain with diagram symbols used in flow chart and the basic design structures in flowchart
4. Explain sequence logic, selection logic, and iteration logic design structures in pseudocode
CS 16 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2011( Tirunelvali)
2 MARKS
1. What are the advantages of IC versions of Computer over vacuum tube version of computers?
2. How will u convert CAB in hexadecimal to binary?
3. What is pseudo code
16 MARKS
1. With the help of neat sketch explain the computer organization in detail
2. Explain in detail about the classification of computers in detail
3. Explain the need for an Algorithm and highlight its advantages
4. Explain the basic symbols used for constructing a flowchart and state the difference between a program flowchart and system flowchart.
080230001 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2011( Coimbatore)
2 Marks
1. Mention the characteristics of computer 
2. Convert the binary to hexa decimal number 11000110(2)
3. Difference between RAM and ROM
4. Define pseudo code
5. Write an algorithm to compute the factorial of a number
6. Draw a flowchart to trace the larger of two integers
16 marks
1. With the help of a block diagram explain the computer organization in detail
2. Convert the following numerals into their binary equivalents: FAC(16), 561(8)
3. Mention the guidelines in detail while drawing a flowchart and list out the merits and demerits of flowcharting
4. Write a pseudo code to find the given year is leap year or not
5. Write the characteristics and qualities of good algorithm
10AFC01 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2011(Madurai)
2 Marks
1. What is a pseudo code
16 Marks
1. Explain about binary number system also convert decimal number 356 to binary form
2. Explain on program control structures with an example
3. Write an Algorithm to find the factorial of a given number
4. Give a flow chart for checking whether a number is positive or negative
GE 2112 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2010(Chennai)
2 Marks
1. Distinguish between analog and digital computer
2. Convert 0.4375 decimal to binary system
3. What is an Algorithm
16 marks
1. What are the characteristics of a computer? Discuss
2. Explain briefly about the various generations of Computer
3. Convert the decimal number 59.8125 into binary and Octal
4. Explain the different components of a computer system with block diagram
5. Draw and explain the various symbols of flowchart and also draw the flowchart to draw the array of n elements.
CS 16 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2010( tirunelvali)
2 MARKS
1. What is the difference between data and information?
2. What is a computer program?
3. What is a flowchart
4. Define Algorithm
16 Marks
1. Draw a block diagram to illustrate the basic organization of computer system and explain the functions of various units. 
2. Discuss the evolution of computers in detail
3. Draw a flowchart to find the largest number in a given set of number
4. Write an algorithm to sort the given number in ascending order
5. Write pseudo code for the following.
a. Accept grads from a keyboard. When a negative grade comes the loop will stop. Calculate the average grade of the whole class.
b. Design an algorithm to convert percent grades into letter grades. Use the following table for conversion.
100-80% A
79-70% B
69-60% C
59-50% D
Below 50 E
080230001 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2010( Coimbatore)
2 Marks
1. Differentiate between analog and digital computer
2. Give the full form of ENIAC and EDVAC
3. Find the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal number 4D.C8
4. Convert the hexadecimal number into binary equivalent of EBC
5. Define an algorithm what are the characteristics necessary for a sequence of instructions to qualify as an algorithm
6. What are various basic symbols used in flowcharting? Give their pictorial representation
16 Marks
1. With a neat diagram explain the basic organization of a computer and list out the functions performed by each unit.
2. Explain briefly about the various classifications of computers.
3. Explain about the different generations of computer
4. List out the important characteristics of computer.
5. What are the various guidelines have to be followed while drawing a flowchart. Discuss the advantages and limitation of flowcharting.
6. Draw the flowchart to check whether the given number is prime or not.
7. Short note about the sequence and selection control structures
8. What do u mean by pseudo code? Write the pseudo code to add up all the even numbers between 0 and 100 and print the result.
GE 2112 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2009
(Chennai-AU)
2 Marks
1. State the characteristics of computer.
2. How will you classify computer systems?
3. Draw a flowchart to find the maximum among the three numbers.
16 MARKS
1. Explain the evolution of computers.
2. With suitable diagram explain about computer organization
3. With suitable examples explain about number systems.
4. Explain in detail about the software development steps.
5. Draw a flowchart to multiply two matrix
6. Write a pseudocode to multiply two matrix.
7. What is an algorithm? Write an algorithm to print even numbers from 2 to 100.

CS 16 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2009( Tirunelvali)
2 MARKS
1. Differentiate between volatile and non- volatile memory.
2. Convert the binary number (100111)2 to decimal number.
3. Draw a flowchart to read two numbers, calculate the sum and print the result
16 MARKS
1. List the basis operations of a computer.
2. List the characteristics of computer.
3. Convert the decimal number (0.39)10 to octal number
4. Convert the octal number 37.37 to decimal number
5. Convert the decimal number (1723.256)10 to hexa decimal number
6. Convert the decimal number (0.39)16 to hexadecimal number
7. Develop an algorithm and flowchart to find the greatest of three numbers.
8. What is pseudo code? Develop pseudo code to check and print whether the given number is prime or not.
080230001 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING JAN 2009 (Coimbatore)
2 MARKS
1. Give any two tasks which humans perform better than computers.
2. What is the use of computers in medicine and health care?
3. Convert the binary number 100110 into its octal equivalent
4. What are registers?
12 Marks
1. Explain in detail about the various generations of computers.
2. Explain the various steps involved in the program development cycle.
3. Give the advantages and limitations of flowchart and pseudo code.
4. Explain briefly about the various characteristics of computers.
5. Explain briefly about the mainframe and super computers.

Occupation Title: Civil Engineers

Description: Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems.
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Code: 17-2051

Sample Job Titles: Civil Engineer, Engineer, Project Engineer, Project Manager, Structural Engineer, City Engineer, Civil Engineering Manager, Design Engineer, Railroad Design Consultant, Research Hydraulic Engineer

 

Estimated Total Employment* 2008: 261,360 2009: 259,320 2010: 249,120 2011: 254,130 2012: 258,100 Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Projected Job Openings (2010-2020): 104,400 Projected Growth (2010-2020): 10-19% (total 10 year projection, not annual) Data Source: O*NET Online

*Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics program does not include self-employed workers in employment estimates. O*NET and other BLS programs do include self-employed workers.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. REC-0439914 and DRL-0910041 (Enhancing Departments and Graduate Education in Geography).
Suggested citation: Association of American Geographers, Jobs & Careers Website, Salary Data and Trends, http://www.aag.org/cs/salary_data_and_trends/salary_data_and_trends_overview (accessed mm//dd/yyyy).

Townhouse Condominium Projects, are they still a good housing alternati

Was it just a few years ago when small scale Townhouse Style condominium projects provided an alternative to single family houses?
What happened to this branch of the housing industry?
Let me first  tell you the story of the Cushing Mithcell Condominium, which is located on Central Street in East Bridgewater, MA.
The rambling, 6 bedroom dwelling at 90 Central Street was destroyed by fire and was too far gone to rebuild. Thankfully no one was hurt in the fire. The owner was not interested in replacing the building. A local developer, during his negotiations to purchase the property had P.M.P. Associates, LLC perform an initial due-diligence study to establish the various constraints to re-developing this property (Zoning set-back requirements, local groundwater protection requirements, need for new sanitary wastewater disposal “septic”  system, an existing driveway access  easement and the location within an historic area).
Since the property had a six bedroom dwelling, six bedrooms could be reconstructed on the property. However, only a single structure could be built and it needed to fit within the general footprint of the destroyed building.
After several concepts and alternatives that were developed by the project’s architect and civil engineer, three, two-bedroom townhouse units with a connecting two-car open front garage/carport were selected. To maintain the historical nature of the property, the front unit was rotated 90 degrees to face the street and the stone wall feature on the abutting property was extended along the front of this property.
Here is the final engineering site plan that was approved for the project.

Site Plan Drawing

This is a narrow lot that did not leave much room for the septic system. The right side of the property has a driveway easement for the abutting property, which had to be maintained. The site design took advantage of this requirement and combined it into the driveway access for the three units and guest parking.
Here is the engineering plan for the septic system.

Septic System Engineering Design Plan

The Town of East Bridgewater has a requirement to provide for groundwater recharge. To meet this requirement, the roof drainage was collected and directed to a recharge system that was designed specifically for the soil conditions at this property. The recharge system had to be located away from the septic system as well as the building foundation.
Here is what the completed complex looks like from the street.

Cushing Mitchell Condominium - Front Unit

The other two units face the driveway and each unit is separated with an open garage / carport.

Cushing Mitchell Condominium - Units 2 & 3

Before the first unit could be sold, P.M.P. Associates, LLC prepared, the condominium unit plans and condominium site plan for the Developer in conjunction with his attorney.
At the present time, one unit has been sold and is occupied.
These units are well built and located in a desirable location. The asking price appears to have been adjusted to the current real estate market conditions. So why are there two units still available?
Has the sub-prime mortgage fiasco and today’s banking institutions totally destroyed condominium sales?
Maybe I am an optimist, you know, the glass is have full kind of guy.  I firmly believe that the smaller condominium projects are going to play a  vital part in the recovery of the housing industry. These projects provide an affordable alternative to a single family home. As local agencies continue to increase the cost of land development through increased regulations and fees, developers need to have a more cost effective housing alternative.

Septic System Design by a Professional Civil Enginee

Why do you need to hire a Professional Civil Engineer to design a Septic System?

How many times have I heard, “The man who pumps-out my tank said he uses a guy who can do the design for him directly and he can give me a design & construction deal that will save me money.” Does this sound too good to be true?  Have you ever heard the quote, “There’s a sucker born every minute“? (P.T. Barnum or David Hannum, you decide who said it first, but as a Tufts U. graduate, I vote for Barnum)
Everyone wants to save money. A recent “Close to Home Cartoon by John McPherson caught my attention.

When it comes to a failed Septic System, you need to get professional help.
While the man who runs the pumping truck has working experience regarding the “contents” of a septic tank, unless he is a Registered Sanitarian or a Civil Engineer, he is not qualified to prepare a septic system repair design in most States.
A qualified professional will be able to provide you with design alternatives and assist you in the selection of an installation contractor when you get price quotes based on the design plans. A qualified professional will work directly for you, not work for or be paid by the contractor (Does the phrase, “conflict of interest” mean anything?)

This pamphlet was specifically designed as a checklist to assist you, as a property owner, in the steps needed to have a replacement septic system designed, etc.

Is new housing construction still alive in Southern New England

I’m sick of hearing and reading all the negative news about “the housing industry”.  Every day there are more and more articles and news stories blasting out “doom and gloom” predictions with so-called experts lamenting about the “crisis” in the housing market.

In 1938, Orson Wells, presented an adaptation of H.G. Well’s novel, “The War of the Worlds” on the CBS Radio Network and caused thousands of listeners to panic. Seventy years later, our media outlets have perfected the science of creating panic. For example, when a New England weatherman is predicting a 1″ to 2″ snowstorm, they hype it up to sound like the second coming of the Great Blizzard of ’78! On those days I stay away from the local supermarket in fear that I would be seriously injured by the little old ladies clearing the shelves of bread and milk.
Tell the truth! Do the “media” people have any idea what happened to all the general contractors, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, etc. that work in the housing industry? They didn’t just vanish, did they? No!
In direct contradiction to the naysaying media, I say that there is new housing construction in Southern New England.
As a civil engineer involved with land development design, I get invloved with different types housing projects, right from the very beginning when a builder wants an evaluation of the development potential of the raw land. Before a single board can be nailed on a new house, the raw land has to be converted into building lots, which involves a permitting process that could make your saintly grandmother swear.
When you consider the cost of the raw land, engineering, permitting, local & state fees, roadway & utility construction costs and then the actual house construction with the lot improvement costs, it is no wonder why new housing costs have been so high.
Just last year I had the opportunity to design a five duplex-lot residential subdivision in Bridgewater, MA. My client was experienced in house construction and with my assistance, received an education in subdivision design and permitting. Upon approval from the local planning board, he proceeded with the roadway construction and then the development of the first of five duplex units.

The construction of the new duplex house is allowing this developer to keep his crews employed during the slow winter months. One of the units will be used as a combination temporary sales office and model unit. The developer is incorporating “green” components into his construction and plans on having a variety of options available to customize each unit to the buyer’s specifications.
Since this location in Bridgewater (off High Street, just west of Route 18) has a public water supply but not a municipal sanitary sewer system, the individual lot designs needed to include an on-site sanitary wastewater disposal system (commonly know as a Septic System). The developer has elected to have each unit in the duplex served by their own individual system (Septic tank and leaching system).
Here is a photograph of the duplex unit that is under construction on Lot 3.

The developer is Mr. Michael Cochrane with Home Town Construction Co., 204 Court Street, Plymouth, MA 02360
These two units are now being listed and shown by  Keller Williams Real Estate. The developer is planning on starting the next two units this Fall.

Spring is near! Time to repair the old Septic System

What a long cold winter! The snow is finally melting and I can actually see some lawns.
How do you know that Spring is near?   The Red Sox are in Ft. Myers?   The St. Patrick’s Day decorations are available in CVS & Walgreens? The pot-holes in the street in front of your house resemble the Grand Canyon?
I know that Spring is near when septic system contractors start constructing replacement septic systems. All those designs that were completed before the ice-age hit last December became “shovel ready” over Winter. Homeowners living with a failed septic system just want to get it fixed so the yard will be normal come Summer. The same applies for those people trying to sell their homes. They want to get the new septic system installed and the yard restored thereby eliminating last minute construction before the closing.

Just this week construction started on one of our septic system repair design projects. The septic installer coordinated the construction with our office and the Board of Health to confirm that we would be available to perform the multiple construction phase tasks. For example, once the excavation is completed, the design engineer has to visit the construction site to observe and confirm that the unsuitable soils have been removed and that the excavated hole is ready to be backfilled with sand. The Health Agent also performs his own observations as the work progresses. The contractor had already installed the new 1,500 gallon septic tank and 1,000 gallon pump chamber in order to provide a temporary holding storage while the replacement system was being constructed.

Once the sand had been placed, the septic contractor installed the leaching chambers, distribution box and connecting pipes. Since this system will use gravity flow from the distribution box with a pump chamber to lift the septic tank effluent to the distribution box elevation, the distribution box and the chambers are designed with vent pipes. To help reduce the overall construction cost, our design used a chamber system that does not require any washed stone according to the State approval documents. The completed leaching area is also covered by a geotextile filter fabric. The State Sanitary Code requires the design engineer to observe this construction, make sufficient measurements to confirm that the components were properly installed and then prepare a plan showing the constructed system (This is called the “as-built” plan). The as-built plan is submitted to the Board of Health with a letter signed by the professional engineer, which states that the system has been installed in accordance with the approved plan.
Now that I have proof that Spring is near, what proof do you need?
How about some good news?  The cost of replacing a failed septic system is low. The slow down in construction has increased competition and reduced the costs. So now may be the best time to get that failed septic system replaced.
Is there bad news? Yes, be sure to investigate the qualifications and reputation of the “lowest price” contractor and carefully read the contract for items that are not included.

civil

What is Engineering

Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.

Educational Resources

• Wikipedia Engineering
• Georgia Tech CoE
• Engineering.com
• Vlib Engineering
• Cambridge DoE
• Engineers Week

Who is an Engineer

Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively. From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies, engineering makes our modern life possible. In particular, electrical engineers and computer engineers have a wide range of study options and career paths that let them design, build, and manage those ideas into reality.

Engineering Careers

The field of engineering has become so diverse in recent years that a definition is not easy to come by. Yes, engineers still build skyscrapers, design machinery, and oversee public works. But that's only the beginning. They also address society's needs and problems on a number of other scales with a unique blend of technology and science.

Civil Engineering Overview

Introduction

Levels of Degrees

Classes Required

Career Branches

Introduction

Civil Engineering is a branch of engineering that involves working with design, construction, and maintenance. Getting a civil engineering degree will allow you to work with buildings, roads, bridges, canals, and more. Getting a degree in this field can be a lot of work, but the rewards and job opportunities available in the field make the effort well worth it. In order to determine is a civil engineering degree is right for you, there are a few things you should take into consideration. Most people that excel in this field find that there strong classes in school were math and science, and that they are good problem solvers.

Communication skills are also essential in the field, as engineering often involves being part of a team and working together in order to solve problems. To work as a professional engineer you need to get a license, which is available after completing a program, getting work experience, and passing a state exam.

Building complex bridges is a major task of a civil engineer.

Levels of Degrees

There are a many levels of degrees that you could get when you pursue civil engineering. The first one is an associate's degree that would give the student certification as a civil engineer technician. This degree is enough to work at entry-level jobs in engineering. This is a good option if one needs to start working as soon as possible, and if they feel more comfortable being part of a team and taking orders rather than managing or overseeing an engineering team.

The next level would be to obtain a bachelor's degree in engineering. These degrees are usually more science and math based, rather than focusing solely on the technical aspects that the associate's degree covers. A Bachelor's degree in civil engineering would most likely lead to a job managing a team of civil engineer technicians. 

It is also possible to get a master's degree in civil engineering, though it is not something that most engineers pursue. If, however, you would prefer to work in an academic environment and you prefer the theory and ideas behind engineering more than the application of it, you might wish to get your master's and train other students that are working on their degrees in civil engineering. In a master's program students would take many of the courses offered in the bachelor's program, but at a more advanced level. They would also experience classes more specific engineering.

If, however, you would prefer to work in an academic environment and you prefer the theory and ideas behind engineering more than the application of it, you might wish to get your master's and train other students that are working on their degrees in civil engineering. In a master's program students would take many of the courses offered in the bachelor's program, but at a more advanced level. They would also experience classes more specific engineering. If you are looking to get a degree in civil engineering as a second career or you don't have time to spare to go to school full time, the good news it that it is also possible to obtain your degree online. There are a number of schools and programs that offer the online degree, so you can work on your degree from home in your own free time.

Classes Required

While working on a bachelor's you can expect to take courses such as calculus, geometry, trigonometry, chemistry, and physics.

Civil engineering students graph a possible area. I'm sure you've seen this by your house!

Career Branches

One of the advantages of getting a civil engineer degree is that there are many various job opportunities. If one pursues a degree in civil engineering he or she may wish to choose an area to specialize in. Some of the options include environmental engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and many more. Once an area of specialization has been selected, the civil engineer can look for jobs in both the public and private sector. Both areas have advantages and disadvantages. Though the pay is usually better with private companies, working in the public sector often provides better benefits.

civil

Civil Engineering At Work ‘Site Seeing’

Here’s an opportunity, to do different things you crave while on the move. Civil Engineering, as a professional engineering discipline, gives you an insight into design and planning, construction, supervision, quality control and maintenance of physical and naturally built environment.

So, as a civil engineer, you would be called upon to use your skills to fashion various infrastructure related tasks such as buildings, rail, roads, bridges, highways, tunnels, dams, canals, sea ports, power plants and airports, traffic control, runways, mass transit, transmission towers, industrial plants and more. What’s more, Civil engineering takes place at all stages – in public sector from municipal through to local and national governments, and in the private sector from individual home owners through to international firms.

OVERVIEW
It could have been the construction of the Egyptian pyramids or the Qanat Water Management System, by far the oldest and longest canals in the world. May be the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece, the Appan Way by the Romans and the Great Wall of China constructed by General Meng Tien at the instigation of Chin Emperor Shih Huang. Or closer home, the stupas in Ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya, irrigation works in Anuradhapura and Taj Mahal constructed by Emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved wife in the Indian city of Agra. Whatever, the role of played by Civil Engineers in our lives go back to these historic marvels located in various parts of the globe.

Intriguingly, the earliest practice of Civil Engineering as a discipline is presumed to have originated as a result of man’s quest to abandon erstwhile nomadic practices for a more organised and sheltered existence. Later, the term was coined to incorporate everything civilian, to separate it from military engineering then in vogue.

According to Manikandan Lakshmanan, writing in his blog, developing earthworks to serve as fortifications is an example of military engineering, creating earth walls to contain livestock falls under the purview of civil engineering.

The best attempt as demystifying one of the world’s oldest and broadest disciplines is made by the charter of the Institution of Engineers founded in London that defines Civil Engineering as: “the art of directing the great source of power in nature for the use and convenience of a man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purpose of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.”

OPPORTUNITIES GALORE
The discipline of Civil Engineering offers tremendous scope for employment to persons with specific skills and abilities and the demand for the professionals are burgeoning day by day depending on the area of specialisation. Just about every infrastructure segment presents excellent opportunities with roads and highways, ports and airports, railways and power are the stand out sectors where staggering sums of investments have gone in. Aside, those keen on academic advancements can still go in for Masters or doctoral degrees that should see them comfortable in the world of research and teaching in India and abroad.

A graduate can look at working as a consultant for some for some of the leading firms or international organisations, or opt to be a job creator than a job seeker by taking the entrepreneurial route. A cursory glance at some of the sub sects of Civil Engineering no doubt gives an impression there is something for everyone.

• Bio Engineering
• Coastal and Ocean Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Materials Science Engineering
• Structural Engineering at Nano Scale (Nanotechnology)
• Transportation Engineering
• Water Resources Engineering
• Construction Engineering
• Irrigation Engineering
• Soils and Foundation Engineering
• Hydraulic Engineering
• Earthquake Engineering
• Geophysics
• Geodesy
• Surveying
• Municipal or Urban Engineering
• Earth Science
• Biomechanics
• Atmospheric Sciences
• Forensic Engineering
• Computation Science and Engineering
• Control Engineering

ELIGIBILITY
Any one aspiring to be a civil engineer should have a Bachelors Degree (BE / B Tech) or Post Graduate Degree (ME/MTech/MS) in Civil Engineering. The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B Tech in Civil Engineering is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as subjects of study. To qualify for BE/B Tech, marks secured in the final examinations of 10+2 and the performance in entrance examination are evaluated. The entrance examination for the IITs is Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) and All India Engineering/ Architecture Entrance Examination (AIEEE) for other major institutions.

The Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers (AMIE) enables working people in the private and public sector or diploma holders to acquire a Bachelor’s degree through distance education for career advancement. In addition, some institutions have their own separate entrance examinations.

After graduation as a BE/BTech in Civil Engineering, one can look at ME/MTech/MS in diverse areas of interest.

PAY AND PERKS
As a fresher, just out of college, a civil engineer could be eyeing anything between Rs. 2.5 lakhs to Rs. 4.5 lakhs per annum after graduation. Those who have risen to the middle level rake anything between Rs.6.0 lakhs to 12 lakhs annually, while Project Managers or Senior Civil Engineers easily earn more than Rs. 14.0 lakhs annually.

Aside, a litany of incentives and perks go with the position or job. Salaries with multinational companies are correspondingly higher or if the Civil Engineer branches into niche areas.

CAREER PROSPECTS
A typical career path for Civil Engineers is not different from other branches of engineering. Naturally, those walking out of the gates of their campuses should be willing to undertake tasks that have fewer risks or less responsibility.

As they prove themselves on the job, they are entrusted with jobs that are high on competency and responsibility but less on supervision.

This, however, varies within each of the branches, the nature of the job and the organisation. Supervisory duties, analysis or design interpretations are some of the assignments an apprentice civil engineer begins with before being allowed to embrace complex or specialised roles.